四、 形容詞、副詞

(一) 知識(shí)概要

形容詞的用法很活躍，在英語中用處也很多，但英語中修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語和詞組有時(shí)不同，要特別加以注意。下面將初中學(xué)習(xí)階段中遇到的修飾可 數(shù)名詞的詞和詞組歸納如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough.而修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞或詞組如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of. 其中some, no, a lot of, plenty of既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。 英語中形容詞與副詞有原級、比較級、最高級之分，其規(guī)則如下：

構(gòu)詞法 原 級 比較級 最高級 加er,或est Tall

young taller��

younger

tallest

youngest

只加r或st nice��

large

nicer

larger

nicest��

largest

重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個(gè)輔音 字母時(shí)雙寫該字母加er、est big��

fat��

hot

bigger

fatter

hotter

biggest��

fattest

hottest

不規(guī)則變化的形容詞或副詞：��

原 級 比較級 最高級

good better best

Well better best

bad worse worst

badly worse worst

many more most

most more most

little less lest

far farther

further

farthest

furthest

old older��

elder

oldest��

eldest

要注意的是許多形容詞同時(shí)又是副詞，如：back, all, alone, either, far, high, slow等。而有些形容詞則要經(jīng)過一定變化才能轉(zhuǎn)為副詞，其規(guī)律如下：��

構(gòu)詞法 形容詞 副 詞

一般加ly Careful

kind

carefully

kindly

尾是y時(shí)將y變成i加ly Happy

busy

easy

Happily

busily

easily

其 他 true

terrible

full

possible

shy

whole

truly

terribly

fully

possibly

shyly

wholly

在學(xué)習(xí)過程中要注意其變化。

此外并不是所有副詞都可以修飾比較級和最高級形容詞。能修飾比較級的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little. 能修飾最高級的有：the very, much the, far等。

(二) 正誤辨析

[誤] The young likes playing football very much.

[正] The young like playing football very much.

[析] 定冠詞加形容詞表示一類人，應(yīng)作復(fù)數(shù)看待。而定冠詞加形容詞表示抽象事物時(shí)則要看作單數(shù)，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美麗并不總代表善良。

[誤] The danger has gone, so the worst are over.

[正] The danger has gone, so the worst is over.

[析] 意為："危險(xiǎn)已經(jīng)過去，最困難的狀況已結(jié)束。"用定冠詞加最高級形容詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)形式。

[誤] It is the gold age of the young.

[正] It is the golden age of the young.

[析] golden在英語中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金發(fā)，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表達(dá)金質(zhì)的，如：a gold bar金條，a gold coin金幣，但gold fish 金魚例外。

[誤] She is a warm heart woman.

[正] She is a warm�瞙earted woman.

[析] 英語形容詞的構(gòu)詞法很多，其中之一是由形容詞，或數(shù)詞，加名詞加ed構(gòu)成，如： warm�瞙oarted 熱心腸的，white�瞙aired 白毛的

[誤] There is an alive fish in the pool.

[正] There is a living fish in the pool.

[析] 在初中范圍內(nèi)所學(xué)到的以a字母開頭的形容詞一般不能作定語，只能作表語。如：The fish is alive.(魚還活著)這樣的形容詞有：alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake等。

[誤] The ill man nearly died.

[正] The sick man nearly died.

[析] ill一般不作定語來形容某人有病，而要用sick,但作表語時(shí)則都可以。如：He is ill sick, ill作定語時(shí)則另有他意，如：ill luck (厄運(yùn))，ill nature(天性惡劣)，ill temper(心緒不好)

[誤] I have important something to tell you.

[正] I have something important to tell you.

[析] 不定代詞something, anyone, somebody…在用形容詞修飾時(shí)，形容詞應(yīng)放其后。但要注意thing則不是不定代詞，不符合上述規(guī)律。如：I have an important thing to tell you.

[誤] I'll be free on next Sunday.

[正] I'll be free next Sunday.

[析] 在表達(dá)將來時(shí)的時(shí)候：next Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介詞。

[誤] The girl is two�瞴ear old.

[正] The girl is two years old.

[正] She is a two�瞴ear�瞣ld girl��

[析] 由連字符連接若干名詞、數(shù)詞……組成的形容詞，在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要記住兩點(diǎn)，其一是這些詞中的名詞都不要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：two�瞭housand�瞱ord report(兩千字的報(bào)告);其二是這樣構(gòu)成的形容詞只能作定語，即用于名詞之前，而不能作表語。

[誤] The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings.

[正] The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings.

[析] 在名詞前若有幾個(gè)形容詞作修飾語時(shí)，其順序如下。